Poland is a European country located on the shores of the Baltic sea, sharing a border with Lithuania, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and Germany. The population of this country is approx 3,80,36,000 with 3,13,931 square kilometers area. The official language is Polish. Ethiniccally 98% are Poles. Religiously, 72% are Christians, almost all of them are Catholics. Besides, 7% are atheists and 20% did not reveal their religious identity.
Poland's constitution is quite smarter compared to other European countries. The guarantee of equal rights of men and women is clarified in the constitution. Family, political, social and economic life, education, employment and promotion, equal pay for same value work, social security - everywhere. The authority will ensure special health care for children, pregnant women, disabled persons and elderly persons. The authority will follow the policy of ensuring environmental safety for present and future generations.
These are positive aspects. Poland's constitution has no debatable negative aspects.
Admirable Articles of Poland's Constitution
Article 18
Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
Article 32
● All persons shall be equal before the law. All persons shall have the right to equal treatment by public authorities.
● No one shall be discriminated against in political, social or economic life for any reason whatsoever.
Article 33
● Men and women shall have equal rights in family, political, social and economic life in the Republic of Poland.
● Men and women shall have equal rights, in particular, regarding education, employment and promotion, and shall have the right to equal compensation for work of similar value, to social security, to hold offices, and to receive public honours and decorations.
Article 39
No one shall be subjected to scientific experimentation, including medical experimentation, without his voluntary consent.
Article 53
● Freedom of faith and religion shall be ensured to everyone.
● Freedom of religion shall include the freedom to profess or to accept a religion by personal choice as well as to manifest such religion, either individually or collectively, publicly or privately, by worshipping, praying, participating in ceremonies, performing of rites or teaching. Freedom of religion shall also include possession of sanctuaries and other places of worship for the satisfaction of the needs of believers as well as the right of individuals, wherever they may be, to benefit from religious services.
● Parents shall have the right to ensure their children a moral and religious upbringing and teaching in accordance with their convictions. The provisions of Article 48, para. 1 shall apply as appropriate.
● The religion of a church or other legally recognized religious organization may be taught in schools, but other peoples' freedom of religion and conscience shall not be infringed thereby.
● The freedom to publicly express religion may be limited only by means of statute and only where this is necessary for the defence of State security, public order, health, morals or the freedoms and rights of others.
● No one shall be compelled to participate or not participate in religious practices.
● No one may be compelled by organs of public authority to disclose his philosophy of life, religious convictions or belief.
Article 54
● The freedom to express opinions, to acquire and to disseminate information shall be ensured to everyone.
● Preventive censorship of the means of social communication and the licensing of the press shall be forbidden. Statutes may require the receipt of a permit for the operation of a radio or television station.
Article 67
● A citizen shall have the right to social security whenever incapacitated for work by reason of sickness or invalidism as well as having attained retirement age. The scope and forms of social security shall be specified by statute.
● A citizen who is involuntarily without work and has no other means of support, shall have the right to social security, the scope of which shall be specified by statute.
Article 68
● Everyone shall have the right to have his health protected.
● Equal access to health care services, financed from public funds, shall be ensured by public authorities to citizens, irrespective of their material situation. The conditions for, and scope of, the provision of services shall be established by statute.
● Public authorities shall ensure special health care to children, pregnant women, handicapped people and persons of advanced age.
● Public authorities shall combat epidemic illnesses and prevent the negative health consequences of degradation of the environment.
● Public authorities shall support the development of physical culture, particularly amongst children and young persons.
Article 73
The freedom of artistic creation and scientific research as well as dissemination of the fruits thereof, the freedom to teach and to enjoy the products of culture, shall be ensured to everyone.
Article 74
● Public authorities shall pursue policies ensuring the ecological security of current and future generations.
● Protection of the environment shall be the duty of public authorities.
● Everyone shall have the right to be informed of the quality of the environment and its protection.
● Public authorities shall support the activities of citizens to protect and improve the quality of the environment.
Article 76
Public authorities shall protect consumers, customers, hirers or lessees against activities threatening their health, privacy and safety, as well as against dishonest market practices. The scope of such protection shall be specified by statute.
Article 77
● Everyone shall have the right to compensation for any harm done to him by any action of an organ of public authority contrary to law.
● Statutes shall not bar the recourse by any person to the courts in pursuit of claims alleging infringement of freedoms or rights.
Article 127 (Part of it)
● The President of the Republic shall be elected by the Nation, in universal, equal and direct elections, conducted by secret ballot.
● Only a Polish citizen who, no later than the day of the elections, has attained 35 years of age and has a full electoral franchise in elections to the Sejm, may be elected President of the Republic. Any such candidature shall be supported by the signatures of at least 100,000 citizens having the right to vote in elections to the Sejm.
● A candidate who has received more than half of the valid votes shall be considered elected President of the Republic. If none of the candidates has received the required majority of votes, then a repeat ballot shall be held on the 14th day after the first vote.
● The two candidates who have received the largest number of votes in the first ballot shall participate in a repeat ballot. If one of the two such candidates withdraws his consent to candidacy, forfeits his electoral rights or dies, he shall be replaced in the repeat ballot by the candidate who received the next highest consecutive number of votes in the first ballot. In such case, the date of the repeat ballot shall be extended by a further 14 days.
● The candidate who receives the higher number of votes in the repeat ballot shall be elected President of the Republic.
Article 178 (Part of it)
● A judge shall not belong to a political party, a
trade union or perform public activities incompatible with the
principles of independence of the courts and judges.
